99 research outputs found
WDiscOOD: Out-of-Distribution Detection via Whitened Linear Discriminant Analysis
Deep neural networks are susceptible to generating overconfident yet
erroneous predictions when presented with data beyond known concepts. This
challenge underscores the importance of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD)
samples in the open world. In this work, we propose a novel feature-space OOD
detection score based on class-specific and class-agnostic information.
Specifically, the approach utilizes Whitened Linear Discriminant Analysis to
project features into two subspaces - the discriminative and residual subspaces
- for which the in-distribution (ID) classes are maximally separated and
closely clustered, respectively. The OOD score is then determined by combining
the deviation from the input data to the ID pattern in both subspaces. The
efficacy of our method, named WDiscOOD, is verified on the large-scale
ImageNet-1k benchmark, with six OOD datasets that cover a variety of
distribution shifts. WDiscOOD demonstrates superior performance on deep
classifiers with diverse backbone architectures, including CNN and vision
transformer. Furthermore, we also show that WDiscOOD more effectively detects
novel concepts in representation spaces trained with contrastive objectives,
including supervised contrastive loss and multi-modality contrastive loss.Comment: Accepted by ICCV 2023. Code is available at:
https://github.com/ivalab/WDiscOOD.gi
KESDT: knowledge enhanced shallow and deep Transformer for detecting adverse drug reactions
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) detection is an essential task in the medical
field, as ADRs have a gravely detrimental impact on patients' health and the
healthcare system. Due to a large number of people sharing information on
social media platforms, an increasing number of efforts focus on social media
data to carry out effective ADR detection. Despite having achieved impressive
performance, the existing methods of ADR detection still suffer from three main
challenges. Firstly, researchers have consistently ignored the interaction
between domain keywords and other words in the sentence. Secondly, social media
datasets suffer from the challenges of low annotated data. Thirdly, the issue
of sample imbalance is commonly observed in social media datasets. To solve
these challenges, we propose the Knowledge Enhanced Shallow and Deep
Transformer(KESDT) model for ADR detection. Specifically, to cope with the
first issue, we incorporate the domain keywords into the Transformer model
through a shallow fusion manner, which enables the model to fully exploit the
interactive relationships between domain keywords and other words in the
sentence. To overcome the low annotated data, we integrate the synonym sets
into the Transformer model through a deep fusion manner, which expands the size
of the samples. To mitigate the impact of sample imbalance, we replace the
standard cross entropy loss function with the focal loss function for effective
model training. We conduct extensive experiments on three public datasets
including TwiMed, Twitter, and CADEC. The proposed KESDT outperforms
state-of-the-art baselines on F1 values, with relative improvements of 4.87%,
47.83%, and 5.73% respectively, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our
proposed KESDT
Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Video
This paper aims to tackle the challenge of efficiently producing interactive
free-viewpoint videos. Some recent works equip neural radiance fields with
image encoders, enabling them to generalize across scenes. When processing
dynamic scenes, they can simply treat each video frame as an individual scene
and perform novel view synthesis to generate free-viewpoint videos. However,
their rendering process is slow and cannot support interactive applications. A
major factor is that they sample lots of points in empty space when inferring
radiance fields. We propose a novel scene representation, called ENeRF, for the
fast creation of interactive free-viewpoint videos. Specifically, given
multi-view images at one frame, we first build the cascade cost volume to
predict the coarse geometry of the scene. The coarse geometry allows us to
sample few points near the scene surface, thereby significantly improving the
rendering speed. This process is fully differentiable, enabling us to jointly
learn the depth prediction and radiance field networks from RGB images.
Experiments on multiple benchmarks show that our approach exhibits competitive
performance while being at least 60 times faster than previous generalizable
radiance field methods.Comment: SIGGRAPH Asia 2022; Project page: https://zju3dv.github.io/enerf
Neuroinflammation and brain–peripheral interaction in ischemic stroke: A narrative review
Excessive immune activation within the lesion site can be observed after stroke onset. Such neuroinflammation within the brain parenchyma represents the innate immune response, as well as the result of the additional interactions between peripheral and resident immune cells. Accumulative studies have illustrated that the pathological process of ischemic stroke is associated with resident and peripheral immunity. The infiltration of peripheral immune cells within the brain parenchyma implicitly contributes to secondary brain injuries. Therefore, better understanding of the roles of resident and peripheral immune reactions toward ischemic insult is necessary. In this review, we summarized the interaction between peripheral and resident immunity on systemic immunity and the clinical outcomes after stroke onset and also discussed various potential immunotherapeutic strategies
Effects on different full-coverage designs and materials of crack propagation in first mandibular molar: an extended finite element method study
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the biomechanical properties of fracture resistance in cracked teeth using five different full-coverage restorations made of three different materials.Materials and Methods: A 3D model of a mandibular first molar was created to design five different full-coverage repair models: crown, crown with composite resin filling inside, occlusal veneer, occlusal veneer with composite resin filling inside and onlay. These repair models were fabricated using three different materials, namely, zirconia, lithium disilicate (LDS), and a hybrid polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PIC). In total, 15 repair models were tested using the extended finite element method (XFEM), with an occlusal load of 5000Â N applied slowly to the occlusal surface of the restoration. The analysis of stress distribution in the restoration and dentin crack line was conducted to measure and record the crack initial load on the restoration and dentin.Results: The results showed that restorations on the occlusal surface significantly improved crack resistance, with zirconia exhibiting superior fracture resistance among the materials tested. Restorations of crown with composite resin filling inside demonstrated the highest resistance to fracture, while occlusal veneers showed the lowest. MPS concentration was observed at the interface between the restoration and dentin and at the root bifurcation, with the highest values at the top of crack development. Dentin covered by oxidized restorations had the highest displacement, while PIC restorations exhibited the lowest. Pulp analysis revealed selective MPS concentration and strain patterns in models with zirconia restorations and onlay, with pronounced pulp displacement in zirconia restorations and onlay. Enamel analysis indicated larger MPS values and displacements in zirconia restoration models and onlay, with higher strain in onlay. Restoration played a crucial role in protecting the tooth, with crack propagation initial loads in dentin surpassing restorations in experimental groups.Conclusion: This study confirms that full-coverage restorations significantly increased the fracture resistance of cracked teeth, with zirconia restorations significantly protecting the underlying cracked tooth. Elimination of fracture lines in the restoration design can improve fracture resistance in cracked teeth. The findings have implications for dental prosthetic design and clinical practice
A tough and mechanically stable adhesive hydrogel for non-invasive wound repair
Wound healing has been a great challenge throughout human history. Improper treatment for wounds is so easy to lead to infection and a series of serious symptoms, even death. Because of the ability of absorbing fluid and keeping a moist environment, the hydrogel with 3D networks is ideal candidate for wound dressing. More important, it has good biocompatibility. However, most of the hydrogel dressings reported have weak mechanical properties and adhesion properties, which greatly limit their clinical application. Herein, a tough adhesive hydrogel with good mechanical stability for non-invasive wound repair is reported. The hydrogel is composed of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDA), chitosan (CS) and chitin nano-whisker (CW). PEGDA and CS form interpenetrating network hydrogel through free radical polymerization reaction under the UV light. The introduction of CW further enhances the toughness of the hydrogel. The pH-sensitive CS can form adhesion to various materials through topological adhesion. As a wound closure repair material, PEGDA/CS/CW hydrogel not only has the characteristic of effectively closing the wound, defending against invading bacteria, and keeping the wound clean, but also has good tensile and mechanical stability, which is expected to realize the closure and repair of joints and other moving parts of the wound. This adhesive hydrogel is proven a promising material for wound closure repair
Genistein Inhibition of Topoisomerase IIα Expression Participated by Sp1 and Sp3 in HeLa Cell
Genistein (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) is an isoflavone compound obtained from plants that has potential applications in cancer therapy. However, the molecular mechanism of the action of genistein on cancer cell apoptosis is not well known. In this study, we investigated the effect of genistein on topoisomerase II-α (Topo IIα), an important protein involved in the processes of DNA replication and cell proliferation. The results revealed that inhibition of Topo IIα expression through the regulation of Specificity protein 1 and Specificity protein 3 may be one of the reasons for genistein’s induction of HeLa cell apoptosis
Fetal Brain Tissue Annotation and Segmentation Challenge Results
In-utero fetal MRI is emerging as an important tool in the diagnosis and
analysis of the developing human brain. Automatic segmentation of the
developing fetal brain is a vital step in the quantitative analysis of prenatal
neurodevelopment both in the research and clinical context. However, manual
segmentation of cerebral structures is time-consuming and prone to error and
inter-observer variability. Therefore, we organized the Fetal Tissue Annotation
(FeTA) Challenge in 2021 in order to encourage the development of automatic
segmentation algorithms on an international level. The challenge utilized FeTA
Dataset, an open dataset of fetal brain MRI reconstructions segmented into
seven different tissues (external cerebrospinal fluid, grey matter, white
matter, ventricles, cerebellum, brainstem, deep grey matter). 20 international
teams participated in this challenge, submitting a total of 21 algorithms for
evaluation. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the results from
both a technical and clinical perspective. All participants relied on deep
learning methods, mainly U-Nets, with some variability present in the network
architecture, optimization, and image pre- and post-processing. The majority of
teams used existing medical imaging deep learning frameworks. The main
differences between the submissions were the fine tuning done during training,
and the specific pre- and post-processing steps performed. The challenge
results showed that almost all submissions performed similarly. Four of the top
five teams used ensemble learning methods. However, one team's algorithm
performed significantly superior to the other submissions, and consisted of an
asymmetrical U-Net network architecture. This paper provides a first of its
kind benchmark for future automatic multi-tissue segmentation algorithms for
the developing human brain in utero.Comment: Results from FeTA Challenge 2021, held at MICCAI; Manuscript
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